WORLD ANCESTRY - ROOTS IN ANTIQUITY
Ancient To Modern Genealogy and Family History
Ancient origins of genealogy and family history records, as traced
down to modern times, from all available concurrent documented
findings, in both religious scriptures and related secular records.
 

BIBLE - BIBLICAL RESOURCES: Bible - Portal:Bible The Bible is Scientific

In the beginning of the earth, God talked to a couple who were commanded to
perform agricultural tasks, not create a computer system, nor obtain a Ph.D.
Nevertheless, God states He did create the heaven and the earth.  The history
of the Bible indicates one of agriculture and animal husbandry; to which God did
communicate, intelligently, within the framework of the skills and living
circumstances of the people involved.  Understanding the Bible, within the
context of communication, includes People, Places, Plants and Animals.

For example: Using the King James version of The Holy Bible, Genesis records that
God said: Let there be light; and there was light . . . And God called the light Day
and the darkness he called Night . . . And the evening and the morning were the first
day.  Nevertheless, in order of days, it is so stated that: Let there be lights in the
firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night . . . And the evening and the
morning were the fourth day.

From modern scientific knowledge, it is apparent, that in current intelligent language
of the scientific world, what is said by God is equivalent to the process by which, on
the fourth day, the regional solar system was set in motion, to move about the Sun
in the sky, along with the other bodies in the heavens, within the backdrop
of the more distant star systems.

Going back in days (1,000 earth years), on the third day, the earth land mass was
formed, along with the seas, and plants.  It is obvious to all sober thinking individuals,
that this creation must have occurred in this sequence, to then allow the greater
manifestation of light and darkness on the fourth day.  This brings to issue the
initial formation of the earth and planetary system, within a stationary, non motion
environment.

Prior to these events, within the second day of creation, God made the firmament,
and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which
were above the firmament.  This creative act is now well defined as the gravitational
field created by the mass of the earth as an independent entity.

Prior to this series of events, the earth was without form and void; and darkness
was upon the face of the deep.  And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of
the waters.  This clearly suggests that the earth was formed out of a portion of
the Universe, of unorganized gaseous matter and fluid element, which was
permeated by light from God, condensed into a liquid gravitation field,
and further defined with more rigid land mass, which was then set
into rotational spin.

Nature has it, and astronomy shows it, that such is currently the composition
within the various star systems seen throughout the Universe.  All scientific.

The fifth day shows the waters bringing forth abundantly, as well as the fowl
that may fly above the earth.  This is most scientific and interesting, as it would
absolutely require the previously noted plant life, to sustain the subsequent
proliferation of fish in the sea, and birds in the air.  Sounds like scientific,
intelligent creation, as told by the Creator.  This is a cryptic explanation,
as it is self evident that plant life was both beneath the seas, on the ocean floors,
as well as upon the exposed earth.

There is a distinct separation in the creation of the living creature after his kind,
cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind.  There is no room
for the theory of evolution.  Reference: The Darwin Papers

There is a distinct separation in the creation of man in his own image, in the image
of God created he him; male and female created he them, with worldwide dominion
over all the other creations.  There is no room for the theory of evolution.  Significantly,
this was a Master Plan, an executive process in modern business language, since all this
was created and contemplated upon, every plant of the field before it was in the earth,
and every  herb of the field before it grew; meaning in the most simple terms, that God
prepared the earth, with all living things to event upon the earth, in time sequence,
from Adam and Eve, until the very end of this planet as a temporal sphere.

Note again, the scientific facts concerning the statement, and there was not a man to till
the ground.  But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole ground;
then, Man was created FIRST in the physical creation, placing the most intelligent creature
above all else.  Just sounds like what an intelligent scientist would do today, in assigning
the brightest and the best, to conduct a new University research project.  And the Lord God
planted a garden eastward in Eden, a "research grant", with extensive laboratory,
an experimental chamber for all the children of Man.

We now have scientific communities, with intelligent individuals, who should
review the facts, within the framework of eternal realities.  Science should be
taught in all schools, nationwide, which cannot be done, without reliance upon
Biblical narrative.  This relates to all learned knowledge.  It is clearly defined
within the Biblical Text, in order of commentary, that it was the partaking, or
touching of the fruit of the knowledge of good or evil that gave Adam, Eve
and all their posterity, the ability to evaluate opposites, by experience.
"Consciousness is a characteristic of the mind generally regarded to comprise
qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness" (we are naked and need clothes),
"sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself
and one's environment.   It is a subject of much research in philosophy of mind,
psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science."

Note again what is stated further in Biblical Text: they were to till the ground,
as Adam and Eve were formed from the dust of the ground.  The Bible is Scientific,
the historical basis upon which everything rests; the key foundational testimony
that God (the infinite, eternal and unchanged power) does exist.  Adam and Eve
were literally "grounded", to obtain their own foundation of knowledge, or belief
and conviction about themselves in relation to a living God.  The premise, reason,
or datum was that God exists; it was the ultimate or first principle obtained in the
Garden of Eden, the cause of their existence or occurrence, the originating force
of agency.

The Bible clearly states the beginnings of all free agency and neurological thought
processes.  Indeed, the source of all power for POSITIVE action, (the faith of the whole
world), from Adam's time down to the present age, has been dependent in some way,
on the correct idea of God, as transmitted to mankind by their common progenitor.
Their understanding and witness of innocence to consciousness, is replicated every day
upon the whole face of the earth, by the birth and gradual development of new infants;
which gives every living person an individual experience (not observed in other life forms),
a repeat of the pre mortal to mortal life events that were had by Adam and Eve.

The Bible testifies in the Creation, that God is the greatest Scientist: all knowing, all seeing,
eternal, unchanged, and everlasting.  Counsel, advice or guidance was first given by God,
similar in law when information is solicited from a knowledgeable person.  That there was
a group of individuals involved, is absolutely verified by Job, when the LORD answered Job
out of the whirlwind.  Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if
thou hast understanding.  Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath
stretched the line upon it?  [Sounds like God is a Ph.D. Engineer.]  When the morning stars
(spirit daughters of God, including Eve, the mother of all living) sang together (in heavenly
chorus), and all the sons of God (before physical birth, including Adam) shouted for joy?

Science unveils knowledge and truth.  Genuine Biblical accounts that are translated
correctly, also unveil knowledge and truth, historical perspectives of individuals using
spiritual awareness, feelings, social unity, experience, instinct and intuition.  In different
situations, over generations of time, a record was preserved, contemporaneously written
down from the time of Adam and Eve, suggesting the Eternal God and His world are knowable;
that mankind's individual biological organs of heart and mind combined together, can be
relied upon to uniquely discern them and have personal dual witness of the truth, by reasoning
with feeling.  Their posterity can continue to reproduce similar results, by following the same
instructions offered by the true and living God.  In the modern world of today, the characteristics
of intuition, or the immediate cognition that has led to great scientific discoveries, is a current
manifestation of revelation: the mind of God, as so written in ancient Inspired Scriptures.

It can be further noted that the Biblical text follows similar patterns found in handed down
chronicles in Royalty lists, in which events are directly connected to the presiding authority
in government.  For example: In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month,
the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep
broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. . . .  And it came to pass in the six
hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried
up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold,
the face of the ground was dry. 

Additionally, the Bible is scientific in modern terms, forecasting future events.  He that hath an ear,
let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat
of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written,
which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.  . . . And before the throne there was a sea
of glass like unto crystal:  . . .  This is the equivalent, in modern terminology, of receiving
a Computer Lap Top, for individual intelligence retrieval, with password protection;
living within an environment of a sea of glass like unto crystal, in which the earth is sanctified
into a massive data bank depository.

The mind of Man is capable of absorbing billions of data bits, and the suggestion is given
in the Bible, of what future technology will bring to this earth in its glorified state of existence.
Confirmation of this ability is made in the Pearl of Great Price, Moses, Chapter 1, verse 8:
And it came to pass that Moses looked, and beheld the world upon which he was created;
and Moses beheld the world and the ends thereof, and all the children of men which are,
and which were created; of the same he greatly marveled and wondered.

Therefore, in conclusion, the Bible is Scientific, as science itself is but one of the many
branches of Universal Theology.

* Bible Gateway and Bible Research
* Biblical Archaeology Society
* Complete Bible Genealogy
  Jesus family tree - Kings of Judah and Israel.
  - Book [Stick] of Judah
    - Davidic Dynasty and Davidic Dynasty - Family Trees and Charts
      - Can We Prove Descent From King David?
* Dead Sea Scrolls
  - The Contribution of the Dead Sea Scrolls to Biblical Understanding
* Early Christian Writings
  New Testament, Apocrypha, Gnostics and Catholic Church Fathers.
* Early Jewish Writings
  Tanakh, Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, etc.
* iTanakh
  Resources for Academic Study.
* List of Biblical Names
* Navigating the BIBLE ® II
  People, places, plants and animals occurring in the Bible.
* Origins & Design: Access Research Network
  - World Population Since Creation
* Resource Pages for Biblical Studies
* The Scriptures: LDS (Mormon) and Bible Maps
  - The Book of Abraham Project
  - Chronological Tables
  - How Did the Book of Jasher Know?
    The question arises of how the author of Jasher could have known
    specific facts from before the Great Flood, such as Cainan becoming
    very wise when he was forty years old.  These correlations attest that
    it was composed from exceedingly ancient reliable sources.
  - The Origin of Man
    “God created man in his own image” (Gen. 1:27).
* Smith's Bible Dictionary on StudyLight.org
* Society of Biblical Literature
* The Works of Flavius Josephus

I Have a Question - Questions and Answers:

I've heard that some people have extended their ancestral lines back to Adam.
Is this possible? . . . Ensign Feb 84 and Liahona Aug 84  "Robert C. Gunderson,
Senior Royalty Research Specialist, Church Genealogical Department.  The simplest
answer to both questions is No.  Let me explain.  In thirty-five years of genealogical
research, I have yet to see a pedigree back to Adam that can be documented."

"Descent from antiquity (commonly abbreviated as DFA) is the project of
establishing a well-researched, generation-by-generation descent of living persons
from people living in antiquity.  It is an ultimate challenge in prosopography
and genealogy."  The intent of a Biblical DFA "is to establish an ancestry which
is historically accurate and verifiable" within given ancient contexts of primary
and secondary record sources, as handed down for the benefit of our modern
generation.  Writing Systems began with "Adam, for it was given unto as many
as called upon God to write by the spirit of ^dinspiration;  And by them their ^achildren
were taught to read and write, having a ^blanguage which was ^cpure and undefiled."

Jesus said in 3 Ne. 27: 26  that "all things are ^awritten by the Father; therefore out
of the books which shall be written shall  the world be judged."  Jesus declared in
Matt. 10: 29, 31 and Luke 12: 6-7 that sparrows and "the very hairs of your head
are all numbered".  In Moses 1: 8, Moses looked, and beheld the ^aworld upon
which he was created; and Moses ^bbeheld the world and the ends thereof, and all
the children of men which are, and which were created; of the same he greatly
^cmarveled and wondered.  Records in Heaven appear therefore as all inclusive,
showing the kindness and love of a caring God, who keeps the individual identity
of every one of His spirit children born to this earth.  Electrophotography, or
Xerography, uses visible light to obtain a reproduction of original documents.
Variations in the sun's output of points of light upon the earth, changed by
solar flares, may be producing intelligent charge patterns, that generate photo
conduction throughout space, subsequently transferred to the books written
in heaven, from which the world shall be judged.  Moses 1: 27-29 shows that
Moses cast his eyes and ^abeheld the earth, yea, even all of it; and there was
not a particle of it which he did not behold, ^bdiscerning it by the ^cspirit of God.

The work of the Restoration from before the foundation of this world, includes
full recovery of primary source document records from Adam until time ends.
D&C 128: 6-8  And further, I want you to remember that John the Revelator
was contemplating this very subject in relation to the dead, when he declared,
as you will find recorded in Revelation 20:12—And I saw the dead, small and
great, stand before God; and the books were opened; and another book was
opened, which is the book of life; and the dead were judged out of those things
which were ^awritten in the books, according to their works.  Joseph Smith, Jr.
continues: You will discover in this quotation that the books were opened; and
another book was opened, which was the book of life; but the dead were judged
out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works;
consequently, the books spoken of must be the books which contained the
record of their works, and refer to the ^arecords which are kept on the earth.
. . . Or, in other words, taking a different view of the translation, whatsoever
you record on earth shall be recorded in heaven, and whatsoever you do not
record on earth shall not be recorded in heaven; for out of the books shall
your dead be judged, according to their own works, whether they themselves
have attended to the ^cordinances in their own propria persona, or by the means
of their own agents, according to the ordinance which God has prepared for their
salvation from before the foundation of the world, according to the records which
they have kept concerning their dead.

Rev. 20: 13-15  And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and ^adeath
and ^bhell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged
every man according to their works.  And ^adeath and ^bhell were cast into
the lake of fire.  This is the ^csecond death.  And whosoever was not found
written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.  From a genealogical
research standpoint, the Book of Life eventually will include all individuals
born on the earth, except the sons of perdition.

D&C 76 and other related Scriptures describe three degrees of glory,
with priesthood ordinances that will be recorded in the Book of Life:
[1] a church of the Firstborn patriarchal celestial (sun radiating)  family
kingdom, {having three additional subsections}, whose glorified residents
ultimately live on this celestial Earth;
[2] a Church of Jesus Christ terrestrial (moon reflecting) world, who receive
of the presence of the Son through the ministration of celestial Melchizedek
priesthood ordinances, but not of the fulness of the Father; also,
[3] the multitude of heirs of salvation in the glory of the telestial (individual stars)
world, who receive of the Holy Spirit through the Aaronic priesthood administering
of angels, directed from the terrestrial Kingdom.

BIBLICAL RESEARCH NOTES
Jan 1835 President Joseph Smith, Jr.: "I was engaged in the school of the elders,
and in preparing the lectures on theology [Faith] for publication in the Book of
Doctrine and Covenants, which the committee appointed last September were
now compiling."  From the Second Lecture:

Neither can there be a doubt existing on the mind of any person, that Adam was
the first who did communicate the knowledge of the existence of a God to his posterity;
and that the whole faith of the world, from that time down to the present, is in a certain
degree dependent on the knowledge first communicated to them by their common
progenitor.  And it has been handed down to the day and generation in which we live,
as we shall show from the face of the sacred records.

First, Adam was 130 years old when Seth was born (Gen. 5:3). And the days of Adam,
after he had begotten Seth, were 800 years, making him 930 years old when he died
(Gen. 5:4-5). Seth was 105 when Enos was born (Gen. 5:6). Enos was 90 when Cainan
was born (Gen. 5:9).  Cainan was 70 when Mahalaleel was born (Gen. 5:12). Mahalaleel
was 65 when Jared was born (Gen. 5:15).  Jared was 162 when Enoch was born
(Gen. 5:18).  Enoch was 65 when Methuselah was born (Gen. 5:21). Methuselah was 187
when Lamech was born (Gen. 5:25).  Lamech was 182 when Noah was born (Gen. 5:28).

From this account it appears that Lamech, the 9th from Adam, and the father of Noah,
was 56 years old when Adam died; Methuselah, 243; Enoch, 308; Jared, 470;
Mahalaleel, 535; Cainan, 605; Enos, 695; and Seth, 800.  So that Lamech (the father
of Noah), Methuselah, Enoch, Jared, Mahalaleel, Cainan, Enos, Seth, and Adam,
were all living at the same time, and beyond all controversy were all preachers of
righteousness.

Moses further informs us that Seth lived after he begat Enos 807 years, making him
912 years old at his death (Gen. 5:7-8).  And Enos lived after he begat Cainan 815
years, making him 905 years old when he died (Gen. 5:10-11).  And Cainan lived
after he begat Mahalaleel 840 years, making him 910 years old at his death
(Gen. 5:13-14).  And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared 830 years, making
him 895 years old when he died (Gen. 5: 16-17).  And Jared lived after
he begat Enoch 800 years, making him 962 years old at his death (Gen. 5:19-20).
And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah 300 years, making him
365 years old [D&C 107: 49 and he walked with God three hundred and sixty-five
years, making him four hundred and thirty years old] when he was translated
(King James Version Gen. 5:22-23).  NOTE: According to the Pearl of Great Price
(Moses 7:68  And all of the days of ZION, in the days of Enoch, were three hundred
and sixty-five years.)

And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech 782 years, making him 969 years old
when he died (Gen. 5:26-27).  Lamech lived after he begat Noah 595 years, making
him 777 years old when he died (Gen. 5:30-31).

Agreeable to this account, Adam died in the 930th year of the world; Enoch
was translated in the 987th; Seth died in the 1042nd; Enos in the 1140th;
Cainan in the 1235th; Mahalaleel in the 1290th; Jared in the 1422nd;
Lamech in the 1651st; and Methuselah in the 1656th - it being the same year
in which the flood came.

So Noah was 84 years old when Enos died, 176 when Cainan died, 234 when
Mahalaleel died, 366 when Jared died, 595 when Lamech died, and 600 when
Methuselah died.  We can see from this that Enos, Cainan, Mahalaleel, Jared,
Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah all lived on the earth at the same time; and
that Enos, Cainan, Mahalaleel, Jared, Methuselah and Lamech, were all
acquainted with both Adam and Noah.

From the foregoing it is easily to be seen, not only how the knowledge of God
came into the world, but upon what principle it was preserved; that from the time
it was first communicated, it was retained in the minds of righteous men, who
taught not only their own posterity, but the world; so that there was no need of
a new revelation to man after Adam's creation to Noah, to give them the first
idea or notion of the existence of a God; and not only of a God, but of the true
and living God.

Having traced the chronology of the world from Adam to Noah, we will now
trace it from Noah to Abraham.

Noah was 502 years old when Shem was born - 98 years afterward the flood came,
being the 600th year of Noah's age.  [Research Note:  This appears to be backdated
from the 600th year when the Flood occurred.  According to the Pearl of Great Price,
Arphaxad, was born in 2352 B.C. and died 1914 B.C.  Noah was ^asix hundred years
old {2344 B.C.} when the flood of waters was upon the earth.  Thus, Arphaxad was
carried aboard the Ark of Noah, by his father Shem, as a young child eight years old.
Noah was 492 years old when Shem was born - 108 years later, the flood came;
being the 600th year of Noah's age.]  And Moses informs us that Noah lived after
the flood 350 years; making him 950 years old when he died (Gen. 9:28-29).
Shem was 100 years old when Arphaxad was born (Gen. 11:10).  Arphaxad was
35 when Salah was born (Gen. 11:12). Salah was 30 when Eber was born (Gen. 11:14).
Eber was 34 when Peleg was born, in whose days the earth was divided (Gen. 11:16).

Peleg was 30 when Reu was born (Gen. 11:18).  Reu was 32 when Serug was born
(Gen. 11:20).  Serug was 30 when Nahor was born (Gen. 11:22).  Nahor was 29
when Terah was born (Gen. 11:24).  Terah was 70 when Haran and Abraham were
born (Gen. 11:26).

There is some difficulty in the account given by Moses, of Abraham's birth.  Some
have supposed that Abraham was not born until Terah was 130 years old.  This
conclusion is drawn from a variety of scriptures, which are not to our purpose at
present to quote.  Neither is it a matter of any consequence to us, whether Abraham
was born when Terah was 70 years old, or 130.  [See also, previous information on
the life span age difference between D&C: Enoch 430 years, less King James Version
365 years (actually ZION dated period) = 65 year difference, at time of recorded death.]

But in order that there may no doubt exist upon any mind, in relation to the object
lying immediately before us in presenting the present chronology, we will date the
birth of Abraham at the latest period - that is, when Terah was 130 years old.

It appears from this account, that from the flood to the birth of Abraham was
352 years.  Moses informs us that Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad 500 [years]
(Gen 11:11).  This added to 100 years, which was his age when Arphaxad was
born, makes him 600 years old when he died.  Arphaxad lived after he begat
Salah 403 years (Gen. 11:13).  This added to 35 years, which was his age when Salah
was born, makes him 438 years old when he died.

Salah lived after he begat Eber 403 years (Gen. 11:15).  This added to 30 years,
which was his age when Eber was born, makes him 433 years old when he died.
Eber lived after he begat Peleg 430 years (Gen. 11:17).  This added to 34 years,
which was his age when Peleg was born, makes him 464 years old.

Peleg lived after he begat Reu 209 years (Gen. 11:19).  This added to 30 years,
which was his age when Reu was born, makes him 239 years old when he died.
Reu lived after he begat Serug 207 years (Gen. 11:21).  This added to 32 years,
which was his age when Serug was born, makes him 239 years old when he died.

Serug lived after he begat Nahor 200 years (Gen. 11:23).  This added to 30 years,
which was his age when Nahor was born, makes him 230 years old when he died.
Nahor lived after he begat Terah 119 years (Gen. 11:25).  This added to 29 years,
which was his age when Terah was born, makes him 148 years old when he died.
Terah was 130 years old when Abraham was born, and is supposed to have lived
75 years after his birth, making him 205 years old when he died.

Agreeable to this last account, Peleg died in the 1996th year of the world, Nahor in
the 1997th, and Noah in the 2006th.  So that Peleg, in whose days the earth was
divided, and Nahor, the grandfather of Abraham, both died before Noah - the
former being 239 years old, and the latter [at age] 148.  And who cannot but see
that they must have had a long and intimate acquaintance with Noah?

Reu died in the 2026th year of the world, Serug in [the] 2049th, Terah in the 2083rd,
Arphaxad in the 2096th, Salah in the 2126th, Shem in the 2158th, Abraham in the
2183rd, and Eber in the 2187th, which was four years after Abraham's death.
And Eber was the fourth from Noah.

Nahor, (Abraham's brother) was 58 years old when Noah died, Terah 128, Serug 187,
Reu 219, Eber 283, Salah 313, Arphaxad 344, and Shem 448.  It appears from this
account that Nahor (brother of Abraham), Terah, Nahor, Serug, Reu, Peleg, Eber,
Salah, Arphaxad, Shem, and Noah, all lived on the earth at the same time.

And that Abraham was 18 years old when Reu died, 41 when Serug and his brother
Nahor died, 75 when Terah died, 88 when Arphaxad died, 118 when Salah died, 150
when Shem died; and that Eber lived four years after Abraham's death . . . that Shem,
Arphaxad, Salah, Eber, Reu, Serug, Terah, and Nahor (the brother of Abraham), and
Abraham lived at the same time.  And that Nahor (brother of Abraham), Terah, Serug,
Reu, Eber, Salah, Arphaxad, and Shem, were all acquainted with both Noah
and Abraham.

We have now traced the chronology of the world, agreeable to the account
given in our present [King James Version] Bible, from Adam to Abraham, and have
clearly determined beyond the power of controversy, that there was no difficulty
in preserving the knowledge of God in the world from the creation of Adam,
and the manifestation made to his immediate descendants, as set forth in the former
part of this lecture; so that . . . the knowledge of the existence of a God must have
continued from father to son, as a matter of tradition, at least.  For we cannot suppose
that a knowledge of this important fact could have existed in the mind of any of
the before mentioned individuals, without their having made it known to their posterity.

CONCLUDING EVALUATION:
A dispassionate study of the internal evidence of the Biblical record reveals:
By age comparison, (due to the extended overlapping life spans), information
recorded as covering about two thousand years, can be compared today, (by
professional genealogical standards), within the memory framework that young
children could obtain/retain from oral or written tradition, (concerning the
significant exploits of great-grandparents).

CONTEMPORARY and ANCIENT: Archaeology, Anthropology, & Ancient Civilizations
* Alphabetic History of Civilization: Ancient and Modern Genealogies
  - Ancestor Roots Information and History and Social Studies
  - The Revision of Ancient History: Revised Chronologies
* Ancient History Web Sites
  - The Amazing Ancient World
* Antiquity
  Quarterly journal of archaeological research.
* Archaeology: Portal:Archaeology
  - Archaeological Research Resources - Archaeology - Archaeology - VoS
    Archeonet Links - ArchNet - The Society for Historical Archaeology
    Society for Post Medieval Archaeology - SPMA
* Exploring Ancient World Cultures
* Phoenicia and the Phoenicians

EUROPEAN: CLASSICAL and EARLY EMPIRES: Portal:Classical Civilisation
* 1st Millennium BC - 1st Millennium - 2nd Millennium
* Ancient Library (archived)
  Classics bookshelf on the web.
  - A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
  - Oxford Classical Dictionary
* Britannia: British History
  Narrative histories of England, Wales, Scotland, London, timelines, biographies,
  glossaries, bibliographies, historical documents, places, events and people.
* Celt: Celtic Studies
  - Intute: Arts and Humanities - Celtic Studies
  - Modern Celts
  - School of Celtic Studies
* First Europe Tutorial
  Transition from the Roman to the Early Medieval periods.
* Regional Genealogy and Local History: Europe

WRITTEN PRESERVATION OF IRISH GENEALOGIES
Kuno Meyer, edited and translated The Celtic Doctrine of Re-birth,
by Alfred Nutt.  Evidence of an early Celtic written, not oral tradition,
for the creation and preservation of complex and lengthy Irish Celtic
pedigrees, is recorded in the writings of Diodorus of Sicily, about 40 B.C.,
concerning the druids: "Accordingly, at the burial of the dead, some cast
letters, addressed to their departed relatives, upon the funeral pile,
under the belief that the dead will read them in the next world."
Reference: Diodorus Siculus Book v. ch. 28

Mention is made of Pomponius Mela who wrote a treatise on geography,
done circa A.D. 44.  Speaking about the Gauls and their druids, [and noting
also that one Julius Caesar wrote that the druids of the area of present day
France had doctrines supposed to be derived from Britain]; concerning
the Gaulish custom of burning the dead, (also noted by Valerius Maximus
circa A.D. 20): "Business accounts and payments of debts were passed
on to the next world . . ."

Ireland had business continental European connections, as noted by
R. H. Kinvig, Late Emeritus Professor of Geography in the University of
Birmingham, [England], (in his book published 1975, The Isle of Man, page 23),
. . . the western part of Britain was nearer greater supplies of copper in Wales,
western Scotland and Ireland, and tin in Cornwall.  Ireland possessed supplies
of gold, particularly in the Wicklow area, which made the nation a great center
of interest.

The University of Cork has preserved a special collection of Ogham writings,
part of boundary marker and grave inscriptions, in Ireland, with identifiable
names in “genealogical” formations.  They are similar in their form and markings,
to upright Ogham stones found on the European continent, in the nations of Spain
and Portugal, the latter dating to 500 B.C.

Record preservation is noted by The Voyage of Bran Son of Febal to the Land
of the Living; first edited, with translation, notes and glossary by Kuno Meyer;
commentary on p. 116:
"The great seventeenth century compilation, the Annals of the Four Masters,
gathers up all that seemed most valuable and most trust-worthy in the older Annals
to Michael O'Clery and his fellows."  He further states, "In this, the oldest dated
form, we can discern signs of Biblical and classic influence.  If the traditions belong,
in the main, to a period anterior to the contact of Ireland with Christian-classic culture,
they have, nevertheless, been modified and added to as a result of that contact."

A careful reading of the Irish pedigree constructs suggests that part of their formation
was to legitimize the regional clan inheritance rights, within the superstructure
of the one Ireland nationalistic goals.  As such, they of necessity, derive from primary
source data, since a man without a pedigree was essentially an outlaw, with no legal
rights or family standing.

Medieval Irish cultural and nationalist movements could only have adopted "Old Testament
narratives as the foundational models", "to legitimize nationalist goals"; if and only if the
traditional Irish inheritance rights of property and family were preserved.  Brehon laws are
similar to those found in Old Testament biblical accounts, matching Jewish "priesthood"
rights by descent, etc., which are core culturally, irrespective of external Christian monastic
interests, or structured chronological overlays in the surviving record sources.

This match with Brehon Law and other historical events therefore suggests strongly that
at least portions of the pedigrees were historical, to at least circa 1000 B.C.  There is a
mapping of Irish culture and Brehon law, as to its origins, with the historical period in
Israel, circa 1429 B.C. till 1095 B.C., after the Exodus, when there was the period of the
Judges, of whom the first was Othniel and the last judge Samuel; all historically validated
by modern finds and artifacts.

Also, the opinion of Herodotus re-dates the classical Greek connections in Irish record
sources as historical, no earlier than four hundred years prior to his lifetime, or circa
1000 to 900  B.C.: "Whence the gods severally sprang, whether or no they had all existed
from eternity, what forms they bore- these are questions of which the Greeks knew
nothing until the other day, so to speak.  For Homer and Hesiod were the first to compose
Theogonies, and give the gods their epithets, to allot them their several offices and
occupations, and describe their forms; and they lived but four hundred years before
my time, as I believe.  As for the poets who are thought by some to be earlier than these,
they are, in my judgment, decidedly later writers.  In these matters I have the authority
of the priestesses of Dodona for the former portion of my statements; what I have said
of Homer and Hesiod is my own opinion."

Professor Mark Hassall, in Conquest and Context, notes that Strabo stated Britain
exported grain along with cattle, gold, silver and iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs.
Prepared hides, or animal skins, have been used by ancient civilizations, as a method
for preserving the written word.  Traffic in hides from Britain included the exchange of
gold, for which Ireland was famous.  Thus, the standard writing surface for business
transactions, or community histories or genealogies [such as the "Dead Sea Scrolls"],
was available to Ireland's trading Celtic copper, iron or gold craftsmen; at least back
to the time of Strabo.  Irish writing skills were later, the standard during the Medieval Ages,
as indicated by: The Book of Kells.  "The pages of the Book of Kells are made of vellum.
It took more than 185 calfskins to provide the needed velum and a community advanced
enough to process these hides into vellum. . . . The Inkwells were made of cow horns."

Additionally Irish genealogies or names were capable of being preserved by each new
generation of poets from at least the second century A.D.,"on 'tablet-staves', as the
manuscripts call them, the catchwords of many poems, sagas and genealogies."
Material of the fifth century A.D. and before, indicates that it is indeed credible to
assert the transmission of an Irish annals written record, as suggested by the internal
commentary within the surviving records themselves.  The Celtic Inscribed Stones Project
(CISP) on-line database,  from the Department of History, and the Institute of Archaeology,
University College London has evidence of at least one pre-Christian scribe, in Ireland.

External evidence from non Irish sources, historically compared with ancient Irish pedigree
internal evidence, eliminates earlier biblical connections and alters the given chronological
framework, as follows, beginning with:
LAMHFIONN, born circa 955 B.C.
Heber GLUNFIONN, born circa 930 B.C.
Agnan FIONN, born circa 905 B.C.
Febric GLAS, born circa 870 B.C.
NENUALL, born circa 845 B.C.
NUADADH(NUADHAD), born circa 820 B.C.
[Carthage founded ca. 814/813 B.C.; also approximates "His posterity continued there
to the eighth generation; and were kings or chief rulers there for one hundred and fifty years"]
ALLADH, born circa 795 B.C.
ARCADH(AREADH}, born circa 770 B.C.
DEAG(H), born circa 745 B.C.
BRATH, born circa 720 B.C.
(Brigus) BREOGHAN, born circa 695 B.C.
BILE, born circa 670 B.C.
(Galamh) MILESIUS, born circa 645 B.C.
HEREMON, born circa 620 B.C.

The Irish Mil genealogies are military, ship census and family
data, connected by historical time period after the Battle of Carchemish,
circa 605 B.C., when Tyre was forced to submit to the rule of Babylonia.
The various curses placed against the sons of Mil so that they could
not find Ireland again, are similar to "the curses leveled against Tyre
should it abrogate its treaty obligations"; i.e., the early data
on Ireland contacts reveal treaty and trade relationships.  Just as
in the triad of three Kings in Ireland, [Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht,
and Mac Greine]: "May Baal Shamaim, Baal Malagec and Baal Saphon
raise an evil wind against your ships to undo their moorings and tear out
their mooring pole, may a strong wave sink them in the sea and a
violent tide [rise] against you".

This curse, taken from Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths, c. 1988,
[as reviewed in Tyre "In the Heart of the Seas"] shows a cultural link
to Irish Texts, #394, "The druids of Ireland and the poets sang spells
behind them, so that they were carried far from Ireland, and were
in distress by reason of the sea."

Jewish foreign contact is found in the Hebrew word "Ir", meaning "city"
[Irish Texts Society Vol. XVIV - Ir] or "town" as presented in the word
structure of #428, wherein Ir s. Mil, . . . of his progeny are Fergus s. Roig
with his numerous COMMUNITIES, and Conall Cernach
with his numerous COMMUNITIES.

A Jewish Biblical pattern within the Irish pedigrees is found in the data
concerning Tamar Tephi.  Worship of the Jewish One God concept turns
into Celtic Idol Worship.  Zedekiah, last King of Judah (597-586 B.C.),
means "my justice is Yahweh", or "The Lord (is) righteousness".
[Mattaniah].  Irish Tea, is listed as the daughter of Lughaidh
[LIGHT or RADIANCE], the son of Ioth, son of Breoghan, a son of
Bratha [judgment, gu brŕth, for ever (pron. gu brŕch) "till Judgment",
so Irish, Old Irish bráth, judgment, Welsh brawd, Middle Breton breut,
Gaulish bratu-, *brâtu-; *brâ, *bera, judge, decide . . .]

Tamar Tephi's son is Irial Faidh, noted as "prophet"; his son:
Eithrial(l) is a learned king who writes a history and clears seven
large woods and much advance made in the practice of agriculture, (killed);
[NOTE:  This follows a pattern between Hebrew non veneration of groves
and trees and replacement (killed) by Conmaol.  Follain (Foll-aich),
the direct line heir, is then kept out of the Monarchy by Conmaol;
Tighernmas (Tigernmas), son of Follain then returns to Ancient Irish Tradition
and restores idol worship, including that of the Sun.]

Continuing, the [large 'islands' of pedigree from Ugaine Mor . . . down to
Tuathal] that [reflect real people and real relationships], suggests
strongly that there was a national Feis Teamhrach (or "Parliament of Tara")
[revising antiquities, genealogies, and chronicles] from which Ugaine Mor
appears, "fully formed", as well as historical, within the time frame of Carthage
and the Roman Punic Wars era.

Ugaine Mor is identified historically by the creation of the divisions in Ireland.
Complexity of formation is involved in the  "units within units".  "[T]here
are indications that each was also a complete society in itself, a replica of
the entire series.  Kingship belonged pre-eminently to the central province,
but every province had a king of its own."   "[E]ach province had its druids,
warriors, farmers and serfs.  Furthermore, the social classes themselves were
not homogeneous groups.  Each had a structure which seems to have
reproduced that of the larger society.  Just as there were high-kings,
provincial kings and tribal kings, so were the grades within the learned class."
Encyclopedia of the Celts : Ibar Mac Riangabra - Iweret

"A key aspect of the Celtic economy was its capacity to feed and clothe
itself and have enough purchasing power to acquire some of the more
luxurious things in life.  They traded in food, metals, fine ceramics,
jewellery, olive oil. perfumes, wines etc.  As well as more localised
trading, Ireland, West Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Gaul and Brittany
were all linked by trade.  Throughout Europe, the peoples of the
Mediterranean set up entire cities on the border of Celtic areas
to take advantage of their trade.  The Phoenicians had a trading post
near Cadiz in Southern Spain and Greek entrepreneurs built Marseilles
in the South of France."
Reference: The Invisible Hand of the Celts, by Daniel Blackshields,
Department of Economics, University College Cork.

"Such voluntary co-operation of individuals through these institutions
played a crucial role in the development of Celtic society." . . .
"Such organising systems were not unique to the Celts.
Anthropological evidence exists for similar systems amongst such
societies as the Saxons of England, early Rome and as antecedent
as the Eastern Mediterranean in 10th century B.C."

Ugaine Mor was to secular Ireland what Moses was to the Hebrew
Nation.  "They collaborated in what became effectively a national
legal system, establishing Irish laws as the oldest surviving law
in Europe."  His association with political land divisions in Ireland,
similar to that undertaken by the Celts in Europe, who organized
themselves into small regional groups, validates Ugaine Mor,
as historically plausible as Caesar, Napoleon, or other writers
of national codes.

Ugaine Mor in history, is found in the great expansion of the
La Tene culture, "late in northern and western Europe, confined
to the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., but with a few 3rd-century finds
as well . . . related to the expansion of trade and the formation
of oppida . . . and development of social hierarchy . . . Some late
cross-Channel migrations are well documented in both
written sources and archaeologically . . ."  The expansion of
Rome led to "the agglomeration of large groups of the
population in oppida, most importantly artisans and craft
specialists, in the late phase under the leadership of groups
of oligarchical nobles."  See: Irish Mediaeval Chariots.

From the time of 3rd-century migrations, or, more accurately,
mobile Celtic armies, there were included "warrior groups even
from distant Celtic tribes in Gaul", with known Celtic mercenaries
fighting in "Hellenistic armies in Sicily, Greece, Egypt and Asia Minor"
as "recorded in classical sources."

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
* Irish Kings: List of High Kings of Ireland: King of Ireland
* Irish Literature
* Irish Pedigrees or the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation
 
RESEARCH NOTES
As noted in  Medieval Concepts of the Past, contemporary
perceptions in Medieval Historiography included fact and
historical time as essential features in constructing history,
however disjointed with the "present" medieval reality.
Ancient traditional genealogical origins, such as the prolific
Irish genealogies produced by monastic institutions, (whose
influence was European wide), appear to be based upon
repeated reconstruction from former historical reality
and handed down traditions.

An example is Eleazar Ben Asher Ha-Levi, a Medieval
collector of ancient record sources, "who lived somewhere
in the Rhine Provinces at the end of the thirteenth and the
beginning of the fourteenth century."  Moses Gaster, Ph.D.,
translated the first part of this Bodleian Library (Oxford) ms.,
titled Sepher Ha-Zikhronot.

There are minute descriptions of the descendants of Noah
and the records state exactly how many children each of the
Patriarchs had, beginning with Adam and Eve, including names
of the wives of each of the Biblical personages.

SAMPLE:  "Adam begat three sons and three daughters,
Cain and his twin wife Qalmana, Abel and his twin wife Deborah,
and Seth and his twin wife Noba.  [special markings not included]
And Adam, after he had begotten Seth, lived 700 years, and there
were eleven sons and eight daughters born to him.  These are the
names of his sons:  'Eli, Sheel, Surei, 'Almiel, Berokh, Ke'al, Nahath,
Zarhamah, Sisha, Mahtel and 'Anat . . .and the names of his daughters
are: Havah, Gitsh, Hare, Bikha, Zifath, Hekhiah, Shaba, and 'Azin."

Ancient Ireland was involved in trade relationships, with artifacts
showing multiple extensive connections to literate Middle Eastern
societies [that required written contracts], back to circa 1000 B.C.
This would have required, at least a small group of literate individuals
within the social elite, to create and record these transactions:
to establish and maintain internal trade routes and road systems,
as well as preserve and record the genealogies of elite family
members that were involved in these exchange relationships.
* Chariotry and the road systems in the Celtic World.

HERALDRY, COATS of ARMS and MEDALS: Portal:Heraldry - Heraldry
* The American College of Heraldry
* Burke's Peerage & Gentry: Article Library
  Definitive historical and genealogical guide to the major families.
  - Burke's Peerage & Gentry International Register of Arms - UK: Heraldic Glossary
* Cambridge University: Heraldic & Genealogical Society
* College of Arms: Links
  Official repository of the coats of arms and pedigrees of English, Welsh,
  Northern Irish and Commonwealth families and their descendants.
* Elizabethan Heraldry
* Heraldic Visitation
* Heraldica on the World-Wide Web
* Heraldic Media Limited: General Information
* Heraldry on the Internet, Coats of Arms, Family Crests
* The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies
* International Academy for the Promotion of Historical Studies
* International Civic Arms
  Civic heraldry, i.e. coats of arms of countries, states, provinces, towns and villages.
* Medal: Medals of the World
  - List of prizes, medals, and awards
* Royal & Noble Bibliography: Armory and Heraldry
* Seal: Seal (device)
  Family identity may be found by seals in record sources, back to the twelfth century,
  as used by classes of men and women of lower status than baron or prelate,
  with particular individual distinct marks or naming designations.
  - Official Seal Generator

MEDIEVAL and RENAISSANCE:
Middle Ages: Portal:Middle Ages  and Renaissance
* Anglo-Saxons: Anglo-Saxon Index
  Materials for the study of Anglo-Saxon England.
  - Anglo-Saxon Literature
  - Đa Engliscan Gesiđas
  - International Society of Anglo-Saxonists
  - Old English Language
  - Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
* Byzantium: Portal:Byzantine Empire
  Society for the promotion of Byzantine studies online.
* Digital Scriptorium
  Medieval And Renaissance Manuscripts.
* The Domesday Book Online: Domesday Book - Britain's finest treasure
  Commissioned in December 1085 by William the Conqueror.
* The End of Europe's Middle Ages
* Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
* Google™ Groups : soc.genealogy.medieval
  - Medieval Genealogical Publications
  - Scholarly analysis of popular topics
* Google™ Groups: soc.history.medieval
* The Harleian Society
* Haskins Society
  Viking, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and early Angevin history,
  with history of neighboring areas and peoples.
* Iter: Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* Inter Libros
  Research guides for classics and medieval studies.
* The International Academy for the Promotion of Scientific Research
  Includes links for the promotion of genealogical and heraldic sciences.
* The Islamic World to 1600
* Khazaria.com
  History of Jewish Khazars, Khazar Turk, Khazarian Jews.
* The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies
* Manuscript Studies
  Centre for Manuscript and Print Studies at the University of London.
* The Medieval Academy of America: Links
* Medieval: All Articles - Wikipedia®
* Medieval and Renaissance Europe
* Medieval Chroniclers
* Medieval English Genealogy
* Medieval English Towns
* Medieval History
  - List of basic Medieval History Topics
    - Medieval: 800AD to 1500AD
      Follow the history of Medieval Britain.
* Medieval Science
* Medieval Texts:Titles
* Medieval University
* NetSERF: The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources
* North American Institutions with pre-1600 Manuscript Holdings
* Old English and The Englisc listserv
* The Online Medieval & Classical Library
* Online Resources for Medieval Art and Architecture - Harvard College Library
* ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
* Отечественная история
  Medieval history, genealogy and Russian historiography.
* Prosopography Research
* Renaissance: The Elizabethan World
  - Life in Elizabethan England
    Compendium of common knowledge.
* Society for Creative Anachronism, Inc.
  Researching and re-creating the arts and skills of pre-17th-century Europe.
  - Atlantian Scribes - Links
  - Calligraphy and Illumination Links
  - Cynscribe Heraldry
  - Medieval Names Archive
    Articles on medieval and renaissance authentic names for historical re-creators.
  - Tournaments Illuminated - Topic Index
* SULAIR: Medieval Studies: Web Resources
* Taxatio: Information
  Ecclesiastical taxation of England and Wales.
* WWW Medieval Resources

ROYALTY: Divine Right of Kings - Mandate of Heaven
* List of Palaces
* Monarchy: Monarchies of Europe
  - List of Monarchs in the British Isles
    - List of English Monarchs
      - English Monarchs
        Complete history of the Kings and Queens of England.
        - Genealogy of the British Royal Family
          - Henry Project
            Ancestors of King Henry II of England.
          - The Richard III Society
* Nobility: Landed Gentry - Peerage
  - Europäische Stammtafeln and European Nobility
    Collections of important European genealogical tables.
  - Peerage: Privilege of Peerage - British
    - Burke's Peerage & Gentry
      Definitive historical guide to the UK and Ireland's titled and landed families.
    - Debrett's: Books
    - Peerage of England and Ireland by Date
* Royal and Noble Families of the World
  - Bibliography for Research
    British and continental - royal and noble lineages and heraldry.
  - European Royalty and Nobility
    - List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility
*  Royal Family: World Roots Royal Genealogy
  - Directory of Royal Genealogical Data
    British Royal family and those linked to it via blood or marriage.
  - Google™ Groups : alt.talk.royalty
  - Royal Descent
    - The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants (USA)
* Rulers: Rulers: Royal Genealogies
  - Guide and Index to Lists of Rulers
  - Living Biography & Specialty Sites
*  Sovereignty
  - Almanach de Bruxelles
    Sovereign Families of non-European Countries.